Nityānanda and Jāhnavā

Dharma, The Guru, Convention, and Paradox

Abstract

This article explores the seemingly paradoxical behavior of Nityānanda Prabhu (1474–1541?), a pivotal figure in Chaitanya Vaiṣṇavism, known for his unconventional actions despite spearheading a mass devotional movement. The article argues that Nityānanda's conduct, often appearing to flout social convention and dharma, can be coherently explained within the nuanced framework of Chaitanya Vaiṣṇava theology and praxis, particularly through his identity as the "root ontological principle of guru." By examining instances from his life, including his marriage, the authors demonstrate how his actions, and those of his consort Jāhnavā Devī, were not contradictory but served to delineate the true nature of dharma beyond superficial social norms. The paper posits that the apparent paradox arises from rigid categorical thinking, which fails to grasp the "inconceivably simultaneously one and different" (achintya bhedābheda) nature central to this theology, advocating for an integrative understanding that transcends conventional interpretations of the guru's role and spiritual practice.