Buddha as Avatāra in Vaiṣṇava Theology: Historical and Interpretive Issues

Abstract

In Buddha as Avatāra in Vaiṣṇava Theology, Bradley S. Clough explores the complex theological positioning of the Buddha as an incarnation of Viṣṇu within Hindu traditions, particularly focusing on developments from the 4th to 11th centuries CE and later reinterpretations from the 15th to 21st centuries, especially within Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism. The article traces the evolution of this avatāra concept, analyzing how the Buddha is alternately depicted as a compassionate redeemer and a delusive figure who protects dharma by undermining heterodox paths.

Clough examines classical Purāṇic sources alongside modern interpretations, particularly the writings of Swami Prabhupāda and the teachings of ISKCON, highlighting their efforts to reconcile reverence for the Buddha with a distinctively Vaiṣṇava theological framework. The article also considers the tension between these Hindu portrayals and Buddhist scriptural views, bringing to light broader questions of interreligious dialogue, appropriation, and reinterpretation. Ultimately, the study reveals the adaptive and polemical strategies employed in maintaining the Buddha’s avatāra status within Vaiṣṇava theology across time.