The Definition of Kīrtan

An Historical and Geographical Perspective

Abstract

This article investigates the multifaceted definition of Kīrtan within the context of Hindu religious culture, highlighting its role as a crucial channel for religious instruction. While the Sanskrit root kīrt signifies glorification through recitation, the term's modern usage is strongly tied to a musical setting of devotional texts, largely popularized by Medieval Bhakti saints. The author explores the often-interchangeable and debated relationship between Kīrtan and Bhajan, presenting various perspectives on their distinctions in terms of performance style (congregational vs. solo), thematic content (Saguṇa vs. Nirguṇa, specific deities), and regional practices (e.g., Bengali Padāvalī-kīrtan). The text also discusses the Gīta Govinda as a paradigm for the closed refrain form central to Kīrtan, emphasizing its foundational influence on Hindustani and Carnatic classical music. Finally, it examines the historical significance and current challenges faced by the Puṣṭi-mārg tradition of Kīrtan, which historically linked devotional music to the art music culture (like the viṣṇupad and dhrupad genres) but now faces decline due to economic shifts and the dilution of its classical status by untrained performers.