Ethical Theory in the Bhagavad-gita

Teleological Attitude Liberationism and its Implications

Abstract

In this article, A. L. Herman articulates an ethical theory of the Bhagavad Gita termed “teleological attitude liberationism” (dharma-yoga-mokṣavāda), which unites the performance of one’s moral duties (dharma) with cultivating liberative mental attitudes (yoga), ultimately aimed at achieving moksha (liberation). The article is structured in four parts. First, it introduces the concept of “guṇa teleology,” where moral duties are determined by one’s inherent guṇas (qualities) and varna (caste), with the teleological aim of progressing toward a better state of existence. Second, it explains “attitude liberationism,” where internal mental disciplines or yogas shape the aspirant’s path to freedom. Third, it synthesizes both into the overarching ethical framework of “teleological attitude liberationism,” where appropriate actions are performed with appropriate attitudes. Lastly, the paper addresses three philosophical problems emerging from this integrated framework.
To elucidate the metaphysical foundations of the Gita's tripartite ethical structure, Herman draws upon analogies from ancient Greek philosophy—specifically Plato’s tripartite soul theory and Pythagorean triples. He examines Socrates’ arguments in Phaedo on soul types and their destinies, and Plato’s model in the Republic that links social structure to the soul’s internal hierarchy of reason, will, and desire. These parallels help contextualize the Gita’s system of duties, castes, and spiritual attitudes, suggesting a cross-cultural metaphysical and ethical convergence. Ultimately, the article positions the Gita as a sophisticated ethical text that harmonizes consequences, duties, and inner disposition into a coherent path to liberation.