The World of Sound as Understood by Hindu Grammarians

Abstract

This paper examines the “sonic theology” of classical Hindu Grammarians, especially as articulated in the linguistic philosophy of Bhartrhari, to illuminate the spiritual significance of sound and language in Hindu thought. In contrast to Western interpretations that often regard Indian chants and rituals as superstition, Hindu grammarians conceive of sound—especially sacred sound (mantra)—as a direct path to experiencing the Divine. Central to this tradition is Bhartrhari’s Sphoṭa theory, which asserts that true meaning lies not in the external, articulated sound (dhvani), but in the inner, indivisible spiritual word (sphoṭa), which reveals pure consciousness. The origin of language, according to this view, is divine—revealed to seers (ṛṣis) through intuitive insight (pratibhā or dhi), rather than derived through reason. The paper outlines the three progressive levels of language: vaikharī (spoken), madhyamā (mental), and paśyantī (visionary/intuitive), culminating in śabda-pūrvayoga—a yogic path where liberation is attained through realization of the inner Word. Mantric recitation, when done with proper pronunciation and intent, dispels avidyā (ignorance) and reveals the Divine presence within sound. Thus, mantra and language become not just tools of communication but vehicles of transcendence.