Rules and Rhetoric

Caste Observance in Srivaisnava Doctrine and Practice

Abstract

Patricia Y. Mumme explores the Srivaisnava tradition's internal conflict between egalitarian devotional ideals and the hierarchical caste system. While its bhakti texts emphasize spiritual equality, its theological doctrines and practices often reinforce caste norms. This tension culminated in doctrinal divisions: the Tenkalai school favored inclusivity and service beyond caste, while the Vadakalai school upheld caste duties aligned with dharmashastra. Mumme argues that despite liberal rhetoric, caste distinctions remained deeply rooted in practice.